Antimatter Engine
Discovery News - 5/18/2012
Hope springs eternal for die-hard Star Trek fans that scientists will one day build an actual, working
antimatter propulsion engine similar to the one that powers the fictional starship Enterprise.

A new paper by a pair of enterprising (get it?) physicists should fan the flames of that fantasy even
further.Ronan Keane (Western Reserve Academy) and Wei-Ming Zhang (Kent State University) report
that the latest results from their computer simulations indicate that at least one key component of
realizing a working antimatter propulsion engine -- highly efficient magnetic nozzles -- should be far more
efficient than previously thought. And such nozzles are feasible using today's technologies.

Before everyone chimes in with a resounding "Squee!", let's back up a moment. First, its true:
matter/antimatter propulsion is not just the stuff of science fiction. As he did with many technical aspects
of the series, for the Enterprise propulsion system, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry drew on
science fact.

Antimatter is the mirror image of ordinary matter. So antiparticles are identical in mass to their regular
counterparts, but the electrical charges of antiparticles are reversed. An anti-electron would have a
positive instead of a negative charge, while an antiproton would have a negative instead of a positive
charge.

When antimatter meets matter, the result is an explosion. Both particles are annihilated in the process,
and their combined masses are converted into pure energy -- electromagnetic radiation that spreads
outward at the speed of light. Remember in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock: when Kirk sabotages
the Enterprise after surrendering his ship to the Klingons? He programs the computer to mix matter
and antimatter indiscriminately. Ka-boom! The ship is destroyed.

Despite that whole annihilation thing, as recently as October 2000, NASA scientists were developing
early designs for an antimatter engine for future missions to Mars. Antimatter is an ideal rocket fuel
because all of the mass in matter/antimatter collisions is converted into energy. Matter/antimatter
reactions produce 10 million times the energy produced by conventional chemical reactions such as
the hydrogen and oxygen combustion used to fuel the space shuttle.

We're talking reactions that are 1,000 times more powerful than the nuclear fission produced at a
nuclear power plant, or by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. And they are 300
times more powerful than the energy released by nuclear fusion Alas, the only way to produce
antimatter is in large accelerators at places like CERN. Even the most powerful atom smashers only
produce minute amounts of antiprotons each year -- as little as a trillionth of a gram, which would barely
light a 100-watt bulb for three seconds.

It would take tons of antimatter to fuel a trip to distant stars. It would take CERN roughly 1,000 years to
produce one microgram of antimatter. Should an ample supply of antimatter be found, a secure means
of storage must then be devised; the antimatter must be kept separate from matter until the spacecraft
needs more power. Mixing can’t occur all willy-nilly, because then the two would annihilate each other
uncontrollably, with no means of harnessing the energy.

But these are trivial engineering concerns, surely. The point is, Keane and Zhang think they've solved
one part of the conundrum. Any rocket's maximum speed depends on the configuration of the rocket
stages, how much of the total mass is devoted to fuel, and a little something called exhaust velocity that
provides the all-important thrust.

Keane and Zhang focus on the latter in their paper, i.e., how fast all those particles resulting from
(hypothetical) matter-antimatter annihilation are traveling as they whip out of the rocket engine. Their
premise relies on charged pions resulting from proton-antiproton collisions. A nozzle that emits a strong
magnetic field could channel the emitted charged particles into a focused stream of charged pions,
accelerating them to produce stronger thrust.

All this is old hat. And here's the sticking point to that plan. The exhaust velocity of those pions depends
partly on how fast they're moving as they emerge from the annihilation event, and partly on the efficiency
of the magnetic nozzle design. Past calculations have shown that while the pions' initial speed would be
over 90 percent the speed of light, the magnetic nozzle would only be 36 percent efficient, so the largest
escape velocity that could be achieved would be a disappointing one-third of light speed.

There isn't much human beings can do to jack up the pions' initial speed, so clearly the way to tackle
this problem is to focus on the design of the magnetic nozzle. That's exactly what Keane and Zhang did,
relying on CERN software designed to simulate the complex interactions between particles, matters and
fields so physicists can better understand the behavior of all those particles produced in collisions at the
Large Hadron Collider.

The simulations showed that prior assessments of the magnetic nozzle's efficiency were much too low; it
should be possible to build a nozzle with 85 percent efficiency using technology available to us today.
True, they also found that the initial speed of the pions was lower than previously estimated -- only about
80 percent of light speed. That still averages out to a far more promising final exhaust velocity of about
70 percent light speed.

There's still the little problem of acquiring sufficient antimatter to fuel an entire rocket, even if we could
work out all the engineering kinks. Keane and Zhang hypothesize that rather than creating antimatter
on board, as the Enterprise does, it might be more feasible to mine deposits of antimatter in space.

Last year the PAMELA mission found that Earth is ringed by antiprotons. Unfortunately, it only detected
28 protons over the course of its two-year mission. That's less than CERN produces each day.

Okay, so maybe we're not ready for antimatter powered spaceships just yet. But it's fun to play around
with these kinds of ideas. Perhaps one day, one of these crazy schemes will pay off, and a future
generation of astronauts will boldly go where only the fictional Enterprise has dared to venture before.
We believe that the exploration of space benefits humankind as the tremendous challenge it creates forces
us to use our creative intelligence to produce new technology to achieve our goals. Many of the tools we
use and take for granted everyday was the outcome of human exploration that dates back to our ancient
ancestors.  For this reason alone we feel it necessary to spotlight NASA’s achievements of the past and
present, and pay tribute to those brave men and women who sacrificed themselves in the name of science.

July 20: Apollo 11- First Man to walk on the Moon (1969) - Forty years ago, men from Earth began for the
first time to leave our home planet and journey to the moon. From 1968 to 1972, NASA's Apollo astronauts
tested out new spacecraft and journeyed to uncharted destinations. It all started on May 25, 1961, when
President John F. Kennedy announced the goal of sending astronauts to the moon before the end of the
decade. Coming just three weeks after Mercury astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space,
Kennedy's bold challenge set the nation on a journey unlike any before in human history. Eight years of hard
work by thousands of Americans came to fruition on July 20, 1969, when Apollo 11 commander Neil
Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module and took "one small step" in the Sea of Tranquility, calling it "a
giant leap for mankind."

August 6: Curiosity Lands on Mars - Activities continue through July 20 to prepare Curiosity's redundant main
computers, or Rover Compute Elements, for arrival at Mars. Today, the computer that has been operating as
Curiosity's prime computer is being swapped with the backup computer. On Wednesday July 18, that computer will
be cold reset, or rebooted, while in online, or backup mode, following the same process used to cold reset the
redundant computer on July 16. In addition, beginning today and continuing through July 20, updated flight
sequences and communications parameters for Curiosity's entry, descent and landing and surface operations will
be uploaded to the spacecraft.
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